Non-invasive techniques refer to methods of data collection or analysis that do not require physical penetration of the body. This can include imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans, as well as physiological measurements like heart rate monitoring or blood tests. Non-invasive techniques are often preferred in research settings because they are safer and less invasive for study participants, making them more ethical and easier to conduct on a larger scale. These methods can provide valuable information about the body's functioning, structure, or response to stimuli without the need for surgery or other invasive procedures.